A numerical model is implemented to describe fluid dynamic processes associated with mid-latitude small-scale (10 km) upper ocean fronts by using modified state of the art Computational fluid dynamics tools. A periodic system was simulated using three different turbulent closures: 1) URANSReynolds Stress Model (RSM, seven equation turbulence model), 2) LES-Standard Smagorinsky (SS, algebraic model), and 3) LES-Modified Smagorinsky, introducing a correction for non-isotropic grids (MS). The results show the front developing instabilities and generating sub-mesoscale structures after four days of simulation. A strongly unstable shear flow is found to be confined within the mixed layer with a high Rossby number(R0>1) and high vertical velocity zones. The positive (negative) vertical velocity magnitude is found to be approximately O (10-3) m/s (O (10-2) m/s), one (two) order (s) of magnitude larger than the vertical velocity outside the sub-mesoscale structures, where the magnitude is stable at O (10-4) m/s. The latter value is consistent with previous numerical and experimental studies that use coarser grid sizes and therefore do not explicitly calculate the small scale structures. The nonlinear flow introduced by the sub-mesoscale dynamics within the mixed layer and the non-isotropic grid used in the calculations generates a disparity between the predicted horizontal wave-number spectra computed using the RSM model with respect to the linear eddy viscosity model SS. The MS approach improves SS predictions. This improvement is more significant below the mixed layer in the absence of flow nonlinearities. The horizontal spectra predicted with the RSM model fits a slope of -3 for large scale structures and a slope between -2 and -5=3 for turbulent structures smaller than 300 m. This work contributes to the investigation of the physical and methodological aspects for the detailed Modelling and understanding of small scale structures in ocean turbulence.

Predicting hemolysis is a mandatory task when designing blood flow related mechanisms. For decades, researchers have tried to estimate trauma in red blood cell (RBC) for applying in assist mechanisms development, but the specificity and absence of more physical details have limited models for this purpose into ranges of applications. This work aims to present a new method for Modelling hemolysis considering a stress threshold that RBC could stand and, bellow that, a Physiological Stress. Complementing this application, simulations in Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) was performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the hemodynamics. For hemolysis risk analyses, critical regions were established by a mean stress magnitude, also purposed here. The mean stress magnitude is presented including turbulent parameters, trying to reduce the error in calculating the mean stress tensor by mean velocity magnitudes in Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes models for turbulent flows. Five turbulent models were tested: Standard κ-ε, κ-ε RNG, κ-ε Realizable, Standard κ-ω, κ-ω SST and Spalart-Allmaras models. Results indicate similar results for considering Physiological Stress compared to traditional model applications, even using adapted coefficients, what induces specific coefficients for models applying Physiological Stress might improve hemolysis estimations. The κ-ε RNG and κ-ω SST models had better agreement with data and physical expectations and the best scenarios for applying traditional and improved models purposed for future uses.

Neurotrophic factor is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors. The neurotrophic factor proteins is present in high concentration in cerebral cortex.This protein have 247 amino acids .The mature neurotrophic factor is secreted to extracellular and bind to TrkB. Interaction to TrkB can lead to a variety of intracellular signaling cascades such as Ras-MAP kinase cascade. These cascades help to support the survival of existing neurons.computers techniques or bioinformatic techniques were applied to investigate the interaction of mutate neurotrophic factor to TrkB compairing to Native neurotrophic factor. Amino acids of neurotrophic factor that were involved in interaction were identified .one of the amino acids was Gln84. This amino acid was mutated to Lys84 amino acid,by swiss pdb viewer software. This software produced pdb file format and the pdb file uploaded to 3Drefine server. This server consistent protein structure refinement by optimizing hydrogen bonding network and atomic-level energy minimization and modelled 5 structure. RAMPAGE server and Qmean server was used to select best structure. Finally binding energy was calculated by Hex.8.0.0 software. Etotale of. Native neurotrophic factor is -675 and mutate BDNF is -678. The results showed the mutant structure interaction with TrkB is better than native protein. Neurotrophic factor shows pharmaceutical properties and Modelling of new proteins and produce them can help in the development of the drug industry and mutant forms a good choice for treatment of Diseases of the nervous system.

In the present study, Computational Fluid Dynamics is used for heat transfer studies in the dimple, and flat plate heat exchangers. By employing water as a working medium (fluid), the same and different flow analyses were numerically studied. SOLID WORKS 2018 software was used for the study. The study primarily investigated the effect of the flow rate of hot fluid on the overall heat transfer coefficient. The study also analyzed the influence of hot fluid’, s Reynolds number on cold fluid’, s Nusselt number. It was observed that an increase in the mass flow rate of the hot fluid from 0. 016 to 0. 067 kg/s resulted in an increase in the heat transfer coefficient from 65 to 298 W/(m2. K) for the dimple plate heat exchanger (DPHE). Meanwhile, an increase in the Reynolds number of the hot fluid (from 200 to 1000), induced an increase in the Nusselt number of the cold fluid from 1. 9 to 8. 7 for DPHE. A correlation was developed to calculate the Nusselt number for the same flow analysis of the flat plate heat exchanger (FPHE). The study also compared the performance of the DPHE with that of the FPHE. The results of the same flow analysis indicated that the DPHE exhibited a Nusselt number value 39% greater than the FPHE at the highest mass flow rate of 0. 067 kg/s, while in different flow analysis, the DPHE demonstrated a Nusselt number value 41% greater than the FPHE at the highest mass flow rate of 0. 067 kg/s.

Background and Aim: When using improper recording materials during the fabrication of dentures, the whole process could be compromised in spite of the precision administered during the rest of the procedure. The aim of this study was to compare the flow of Pars Wax, Azardent, Crystal and Asia Wax with the Dental Modelling Wax Detry (Manufactured in Dentsply) according to standard indices of ADA, specification no. 24.Materials and Methods: All flow tests were conducted in accordance with the corresponding ADA specifications. Two samples of each wax (10 mm wide x 6 mm heigh) were prepared. A force of 19.6N (2kg) was applied on each specimen at three different temperatures: 23, 37 and 45°C. The geometric changes were accurately measured with a micrometer and compared to those obtained prior to the tests. The ratios of the dimensions after force application to the initial dimensions were determined. Based on these ratios, wax flows were compared to standard indices. Results: The amount of flow at 23°C and 45°C, obtained for all studied waxes was in accordance with the corresponding standard values, proposed by ADA. However, at 37°C the flow of none of the studied waxes was in the range of the ADA standards.Conclusion: Considering that the tested waxes demonstrated conflicting results at different temperatures when compared with the standard values, further investigation using different batch numbers is suggested.

Objective: Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental illness that is associated with different deficits in the cerebral cortex and neural networks, resulting in irregularity of brain waves. Various neuropathological hypotheses have been proposed for this irregularity that we intend to examine in this Computational study. Method: We used a mathematical model of a neuronal population based on cellular automata to examine two hypotheses about the neuropathology of schizophrenia: first, reducing neuronal stimulation thresholds to increase neuronal excitability,and second, increasing the percentage of excitatory neurons and decreasing the percentage of inhibitory neurons to increase the excitation to inhibition ratio in the neuronal population. Then, we compare the complexity of the output signals produced by the model in both cases with real healthy resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) signals using the Lempel-Ziv complexity measure and see if these changes alter (increase or decrease) the complexity of the neuronal population dynamics. Results: By lowering the neuronal stimulation threshold (i. e., the first hypothesis), no significant change in the pattern and amplitude of the network complexity was observed, and the model complexity was very similar to the complexity of real EEG signals (P > 0. 05). However, increasing the excitation to inhibition ratio (i. e., the second hypothesis) led to significant changes in the complexity pattern of the designed network (P < 0. 05). More interestingly, in this case, the complexity of the output signals of the model increased significantly compared to real healthy EEGs (P = 0. 002) and the model output of the unchanged condition (P = 0. 028) and the first hypothesis (P = 0. 001). Conclusion: Our Computational model suggests that imbalances in the excitation to inhibition ratio in the neural network are probably the source of abnormal neuronal firing patterns and thus the cause of increased complexity of brain electrical activity in schizophrenia.

Due to the stochastic nature of wind energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for wind generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity payment mechanism (CPM), to reward the wind generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the wind energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed payments. However, in our proposal, wind generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the wind energy potential of the wind farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the wind speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of wind velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) Modelling approach a competitive electricity market is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for wind generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.

This paper presents a simple and practical method for measurement and compensation of odometry errors. For a typical differential drive mobile robot, the three dominating systematic error sources unequal wheel diameters, imprecise average wheel diameter and the uncertainty about the effective wheel base, are considered. Odometric accuracy of the mobile robot calibrated with this procedure is considerably improved. Calibration coefficients are obtained by accurate measurement of wheel diameter ratios and the effective wheel base, and applied to robot through drivers controller software. The new method is distinct from previous studies performed in this subject in three aspects: -The experimental text are easily performed. -The method is valid regardless of errors magnitude, which is direct consequence of mathematics with no approximation in the modeling procedure. -Accurate relations to determine average wheel diameters that are additional outcome of this method.